Results
How to Calculate Cut and Fill Volume
Cut and fill calculations determine how much earth must be excavated (cut) and placed (fill) to achieve the desired grade. Here's the step-by-step process:
- Survey existing elevations: Take elevation readings across the site on a grid (typically 25–50 ft spacing). Use a transit, laser level, or GPS survey equipment.
- Establish design grade: Determine the proposed (finished) elevation at each grid point based on your grading plan, driveway slope requirements, or road profile.
- Calculate depth at each point: Subtract proposed elevation from existing. Positive = cut, negative = fill.
- Compute volumes: Multiply average depth by area for each grid cell. Sum all cut volumes and fill volumes separately.
- Apply swell/shrink factors: Cut material expands when excavated (swell) and compacts when placed as fill (shrink). Adjust volumes accordingly.
- Determine balance: Compare adjusted cut volume to fill needed. If cut > fill, you'll export material. If fill > cut, you'll need to import fill.
Formula: Volume (yd³) = Length (ft) × Width (ft) × Depth (ft) ÷ 27
Once you know the finished grade, use our Cubic Yard Calculator for precise volume conversions, and our Asphalt Tonnage Calculator to estimate the paving material that goes on top.
Swell & Shrinkage Factors by Soil Type
| Material | Swell % | Weight (lb/yd³) | Shrinkage % |
|---|---|---|---|
| Clay | 20–30% | 2,700–3,000 | 10–15% |
| Sand | 10–15% | 2,600–2,900 | 5–10% |
| Gravel | 10–15% | 2,800–3,200 | 5–10% |
| Topsoil | 15–25% | 1,800–2,400 | 10–15% |
| Rock (blasted) | 40–60% | 4,000–4,500 | — |
Earthwork Cost Estimates (2026)
| Operation | Cost per yd³ | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Standard excavation | $3–$12 | Depends on depth, access, soil type |
| Rock excavation | $15–$30 | Ripping or blasting required |
| Import clean fill | $5–$15 | Delivered. Use Gravel Calculator for base |
| Export/haul away | $10–$25 | Including trucking + disposal |
| Fine grading | $1–$3/ft² | Final grade to spec. Check slope requirements |
Cut and Fill FAQ
How do you calculate cut and fill volume?
Volume = Length × Width × Average Depth ÷ 27 (for yd³). Compare existing elevation to proposed at grid points. Positive difference = cut, negative = fill. Apply swell factor for excavated material.
What is the swell factor for cut and fill?
Swell is how much soil expands when dug up. Clay: 20–30%. Sand: 10–15%. Rock: 40–60%. 100 yd³ of clay in-place = 120–130 yd³ loose.
How much does excavation cost per cubic yard?
Standard earth: $3–$12/yd³. Rock: $15–$30/yd³. Fill import: $5–$15/yd³ delivered. A 500 yd³ residential lot: $2,500–$6,000.